In infants or young children, the narrowest portion of the larynx is at the cricoid cartilage. In a child, an endotracheal tube might pass easily through the vocal cords but not through the subglottic region. The cricoid is the only complete ring of cartilage in the laryngotracheobronchial tree and is therefore nonexepandable. A tight fitting […]
Intraoperative bronchospasm should be first treated by confirming that there is no mechanical obstruction of the tracheal tube, tube placement is correct and adequate depth of anesthesia is present. The initial treatment consists of the administration of a beta-agonist such as albuterol. Epinephrine should be reserved for a severe bronchospasm refractory to initial beta-agonist therapy
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is defined as paroxysmal pain in areas innervated by cranial nerves IX and X. Pain may be experienced in the ear, larynx, tonsillar region, and tongue. It is almost always unilateral. Triggers include chewing, swallowing, coughing, speaking, and yawning. Severe attacks have been associated with bradycardia/syncope through the vagal motor nucleus. Carotodynia is
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive method of mapping the internal structure of the body which completely avoids the use of ionizing radiation and appears to be without hazard. It employs radiofrequency (rf) radiation in the presence of carefully controlled magnetic fields in order to produce high quality cross-sectional images of the body in
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The treatment of tissue emphysema varies with the severity of the condition. Most cases of subctuanteous emphysema will begin to resolve after 2 to 3 days of supportive treatment, and residual swelling is usually minimal after 7 to 10 days. Treatment is usually conservative, and consists of antibiotic coverage to prevent infection. Oral bacteria may
the “Holdaway Ratio” is used to evaluate the prominence of the mandibular incisors and bony chin. The ratio is calculated by comparing the distance of the lower incisor edge and pogonion to the N-B line. Ideally, the Holdaway Ratio should be approximately 1.0 in males and 0.5 to 1.0 in females. This relationship is useful
Osteoradionecrosis can be characterized as impaired wound healing due to the nature of radiation induced vasculitis and subsequent radiation fibrosis which severely compromises or even eliminates the microvasculature of the periosteum as well as endosteal tissue vascular channels while challenging and disabling the overlying integumental vascular plexus as well. There is a certain amount of
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History of Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy 1907: Blair described a completely horizontal osteotomy. Straight across. 1942: Schuchardt modified the buccal osteotomy to be 10mm inferior to the lingual osteotomy; dotted line indicates Blair’s original horizontal osteotomy. 1953-1957: Trauner/Obwegeser further increased the distance between buccal and lingual osteotomies from 10mm to 25mm, thus pioneering the original sagittal split osteotomy. 1961: Dal Pont advanced the buccal osteotomy
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Serratus Anterior – ribs 1-8 External oblique – ribs 5-12 When access pleural cavity, pierce above external oblique Temporal branch of CN VII – lies immediately beneath the temporoparietal fascia above the superficial layer of the temporalis fascia. Lingual nerve – lies above the mandibular 3rd molar alveolar crest 14% of the time. Marginal mandibular
Zone 1: clavicles to cricoid cartilage Zone 2: cricoid cartilage to the angle of the mandible (larges area of the neck and thus most likely to be injured with penetrating neck trauma) Zone 3: angle of the mandible to base of the skull (most difficult area for surgical access)
