Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Patterns Neuropathic pain is a complex pain condition that arises from injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Unlike nociceptive pain, which is proportional to tissue injury, neuropathic pain is often described by patients as severe, disproportionate, spontaneous, continuous, or lingering, even in the absence […]
Rinne Test A Rinne test involves evaluating a subject’s ability to hear a vibrating tuning fork when it is held next to the ear and when it is placed on the mastoid process. Normally, air conduction is greater than bone conduction. A positive Rinne test exhibits diminished hearing acuity through air and somewhat heightened hearing
Intraoperative bronchospasm should be first treated by confirming that there is no mechanical obstruction of the tracheal tube, tube placement is correct and adequate depth of anesthesia is present. The initial treatment consists of the administration of a beta-agonist such as albuterol. Epinephrine should be reserved for a severe bronchospasm refractory to initial beta-agonist therapy
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is defined as paroxysmal pain in areas innervated by cranial nerves IX and X. Pain may be experienced in the ear, larynx, tonsillar region, and tongue. It is almost always unilateral. Triggers include chewing, swallowing, coughing, speaking, and yawning. Severe attacks have been associated with bradycardia/syncope through the vagal motor nucleus. Carotodynia is
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The treatment of tissue emphysema varies with the severity of the condition. Most cases of subctuanteous emphysema will begin to resolve after 2 to 3 days of supportive treatment, and residual swelling is usually minimal after 7 to 10 days. Treatment is usually conservative, and consists of antibiotic coverage to prevent infection. Oral bacteria may
grade 0: no radiographic features of OA are present grade 1: doubtful joint space narrowing (JSN) and possible osteophytic lipping grade 2: definite osteophytes and possible JSN on anteroposterior weight-bearing radiograph grade 3: multiple osteophytes, definite JSN, sclerosis, possible bony deformity grade 4: large osteophytes
Endochondral: the condyle blastema, attached to the upper part of pterygoid muscle, grows backward and upward and concurrent endochondral ossification resulted in the formation of the condyle. Intramembranous: flat bones of head, maxilla, mandible The basic growth pattern of the mandibular body and condyle appeared in week 7 of fertilization. Histologically, the embryonal mandible
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Intracranial Hemorrhage: Types, Imaging Features, and Clinical Pearls Intracranial hemorrhage is a life-threatening neurologic emergency commonly encountered in trauma, neurosurgery, emergency medicine, and perioperative care. Rapid recognition of the type of hemorrhage, its mechanism, and its clinical presentation is essential for diagnosis, management, and exam performance. The four major categories include epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma,
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Alveolar Cell Types Type I Pneumocytes 97% of alveolar surfaces. Line the alveoli. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion Type II Pneumocytes Secrete surfactant from lamellar bodies (arrow in A ) -> ↓ alveolar surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse, ↓ lung recoil, and ↑ compliance. Cuboidal and clustered B . Also serve as precursors to type
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Thyroid storm is an abrupt exacerbation of hyperthyroidism caused by sudden release of thyroid hormone (T4) into circulation by accident or an otherwise clinical presentation. Clinical symptoms mimic malignant hyperthermia. There is tachycardia, dehydration, hyperthermia and shock. This would be high on the list of possible causes due to the sudden loss of memory, the
