Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil): Definition and Clinical Significance An afferent pupillary defect (APD), also known as a Marcus Gunn pupil, is an important clinical sign that indicates damage to the optic nerve or severe retinal disease. It is most commonly identified during the swinging flashlight test and reflects an abnormal afferent (sensory) visual […]
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Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Patterns Neuropathic pain is a complex pain condition that arises from injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Unlike nociceptive pain, which is proportional to tissue injury, neuropathic pain is often described by patients as severe, disproportionate, spontaneous, continuous, or lingering, even in the absence
Intracranial Hemorrhage: Types, Imaging Features, and Clinical Pearls Intracranial hemorrhage is a life-threatening neurologic emergency commonly encountered in trauma, neurosurgery, emergency medicine, and perioperative care. Rapid recognition of the type of hemorrhage, its mechanism, and its clinical presentation is essential for diagnosis, management, and exam performance. The four major categories include epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma,
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