Anesthesia

BLS, ACLS, and PALS: Emergency Preparedness for Healthcare Providers Emergency preparedness is a critical component of safe patient care in dental and oral surgery settings. Certifications in Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS), and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) equip healthcare providers with the skills needed to recognize, assess, and manage life-threatening […]

Classes of Hemorrhage: Recognition, Clinical Signs, and Management Hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in trauma and medical emergencies. Rapid recognition of blood loss severity is essential for timely intervention, appropriate fluid resuscitation, and escalation of care. To standardize assessment and guide treatment, hemorrhage is commonly classified into four classes based

Anesthetic MAC (%) Blood:Gas Coefficient Nitrous Oxide 104 0.47 Desflurane 6 0.45 Sevoflurane 2 0.65 Enflurane 1.7 1.8 Isoflurane 1.4 1.4 Halothane 0.75 2.3

Tertiary anticholinenergic drugs (atropine and scopolamine) can cross the blood brain barrier and lead to postoperative delirium.  Glycopyrrolate is a quarternary agent and does not cross the blood brain barrier.  Propofol is associated with rapid recovery and euphoria.  Long acting benzodiazpines may also contribute to disorientation on emergence. In young healthy patients recovery from midazolam

Phenylephrine is an alpha agonist. It will increase SVR and may cause a reflex bradycardia, which would be beneficial for cardiac function. Ephedrine and epinephrine would both increase heart rate due to their beta stimulation and given this patients medical history that would not be desirable. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug, would increase heart rate

It is likely that this child has an upper respiratory infection (URI). Signs of an URI include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, productive cough, and thick nasal discharge. Children withURI have an irritable airway and are at increased risk for laryngospasm, bronchospasm, postintubation croup, pneumonia, and episodes of desaturation. Bronchial hyperreactivity may last 4 to

Geriatric increases in anesthetic sensitivity is most closely associated with:a decrease in levels of neurotransmitters and receptors in different regions of the brain. In the elderly, there is a reduction in the number of neurons; this is matched by an decrease in the cerebral metabolic rate. The cerebral metabolic rate is directly related to the

In infants or young children, the narrowest portion of the larynx is at the cricoid cartilage. In a child, an endotracheal tube might pass easily through the vocal cords but not through the subglottic region. The cricoid is the only complete ring of cartilage in the laryngotracheobronchial tree and is therefore nonexepandable. A tight fitting

Factors which decrease MAC Factors which increase MAC Advanced age Childhood Pregnancy (40% decrease) Hyperthyroidism Hypothermia Hyperthermia Acute alcohol intoxication Chronic alcohol use Drugs: benzodiazepines, opioids, muscle relaxants, central acting antihypertensives Drugs: amphetamine, cocaine

intrinsic/auto PEEP due to dynamic airway collapse (“air trapping”). The FRC is increased by recruiting more alveoli and by increasing alveolar size. Intrinsic (auto) PEEP occurs when the inspiratory/expiratory time ratio approaches 1:1. Hyperinflation of the thoracic cavity results in increased intra-thoracic pressure and subsequently a decrease in cardiac output. Ideally, the I/E ventilator ratio