Bolton Analysis: Understanding Tooth Size Discrepancy in Orthodontic Planning Achieving ideal occlusion requires more than proper tooth alignment—it depends on precise proportional relationships between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. One of the most important tools for evaluating these relationships is the Bolton Analysis, a diagnostic method used to identify tooth size discrepancies that can interfere […]
Allogenic Bone Grafts: Types, Biology, and Clinical Applications Bone grafting is a foundational component of modern oral and maxillofacial surgery, implant dentistry, and reconstructive procedures. Among the available grafting options, allogenic bone grafts—derived from human donors—are widely used due to their availability, safety profile, and predictable biologic behavior. Understanding how different types of allogenic bone
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea Recurrent episodes of obstructive breathing during sleep caused by collapse of the upper airways. Definitions Apnea—episodes of paused breathing lasting for at least 10 seconds Hypopnea—inadequate or shallow breathing episodes lasting for at least 10 seconds with at least 4% oxygen desaturation and at least 30% reduction in airflow; also defined as
Antiarrhythmics Adenosine ↑ K+ out of cells -> hyperpolarizing the cell and ↓ ICa, decreasing AV node conduction. Drug of choice in diagnosing/terminating certain forms of SVT. Very short acting (~ 15 sec). Effects blunted by theophylline and caffeine (both are adenosine receptor antagonists). Adverse effects include flushing, hypotension, chest pain, sense of impending doom,
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Inducers (+) Substrates Inhibitors (–) Chronic alcohol use St. John’s wort Phenytoin Phenobarbital Nevirapine Rifampin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Anti-epileptics Theophylline Warfarin OCPs Sodium valproate Isoniazid Cimetidine Ketoconazole Fluconazole Acute alcohol abuse Chloramphenicol Erythromycin (macrolides) Sulfonamides Ciprofloxacin Omeprazole Metronidazole
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Anesthetic MAC (%) Blood:Gas Coefficient Nitrous Oxide 104 0.47 Desflurane 6 0.45 Sevoflurane 2 0.65 Enflurane 1.7 1.8 Isoflurane 1.4 1.4 Halothane 0.75 2.3
Alcohol Withdrawal: Stages, Management, and Life-Threatening Complications By Dr. Paul Mirdamadi Alcohol withdrawal is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when individuals with chronic alcohol use abruptly reduce or stop alcohol consumption. It is especially relevant in hospitalized and postoperative patients, where access to alcohol is suddenly interrupted. Early recognition, appropriate staging, and timely treatment
Kidney Anatomy and Glomerular Structure Renal blood flow: renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> vasa recta/peritubular capillaries -> venous outflow. Fluid Compartments 60-40-20 rule 60% water 40% intracellular 20% extracellular Plasma can be measured with radiolabeled albumin Extracellular
Blood volume: children (65-70 cc/kg); adult (80-100 cc/kg) Pre-load = end-diastolic ventricular pressure Cardiac tamponade: Beck’s triad of increased venous pressure, decreased arterial pressure, and muffled heart sounds Homan’s sign: calf pain with forcible dorsiflexion of the foot, associated with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Levine’s sign: clenched fist over the chest while describing chest
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Subapical Osteotomy: Technique, Indications, and Surgical Considerations A subapical osteotomy is a dentoalveolar surgical procedure used to reposition a segment of the anterior mandible while preserving the integrity of the basal bone and inferior alveolar nerve. This technique is most commonly indicated for the correction of dentoalveolar deformities that cannot be adequately managed with orthodontics
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