Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disease of the exocrine glands, primarily affecting the GI and respiratory systems, and usually characterized by COPD, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and abnormally high sweat electrolytes (particularly chloride > 60 mEq/L). In addition to thickened sputum and pancreatic enzyme dysfunction, males often have azospermia secondary to obstruction of the […]
Ketamine direct action on the myocardium is a negative inotropic effect. Its centrally mediated sympathetic responses (indirect activation of the sympathetic nervous system) usually override the depression. Ketamine causes an increase in circulating catecholamines, especially norepinephrine, by inhibiting reuptake at postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder affecting transmission at neuromuscular junction. It is an autosomal dominant condition. 80-90% of patients will have auto antibodies to the acetylcholine receptors of the post synaptic membrane. Patients exhibit prolonged neuromuscular blockade to non-depolarizing muscle relaxants; but usually show some resistance to the muscle paralysis of succinylcholine. When
Distal-to-proximal weakness is the most common progression pattern, although myotonia and stiffness may occasionally predominate. The inheritance is autosomal dominant. Predominant cardiac involvement is by fatty degeneration and fibrosis of specialized cardiac conductive tissue (sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes and His-Purkinje system.) This makes dysrhythmias the most common cardiac pathology accompanying myotonic dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy (MD)
Myotonic Dystrophy Read Post »
Often the initial presenting signs of Wernicke’s encephalopathy include abducens palsy, horizontal diplopia, nystagmus, and strabismus; and ataxia may cause ambulation difficulties. These neuromuscular signs often antecede mental changes. The disorder is caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1); administration of which can quickly reverse ocular symptoms but often has little effect on mental changes
Wernicke/Karsakoff Syndrome Read Post »
Restoration of fluids and electrolytes is the first resuscitative priority due to dehydration and sodium depletion. Initial hydration rapidly corrects plasma volume and increases the efficacy of later insulin therapy. Intracellular potassium depletion may be masked by near normal or slightly elevated serum potassium levels, especially in a volume-depleted patient. Therefore, following initial rehydration, insulin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Read Post »
Generally develops 3-5 days after surgery. Is an inflammation of bone, not necessarily an infection. Is characterized by lysis of the socket blood clot Alveolar osteitis is essentially an inflammation of the bony socket from a recently extracted tooth. Treatment consists of gentle debridement of the socket and placement of a suitable obdundant until the
When areas of gross tissue redundancy are found, excision frequently results in total elimination of vestibule. In such cases excision of the epulides, with peripheral mucosal repositioning and secondary epithelialization is preferred.
Risks for OAC include: if there is an infection in the antrum, the defect is large (>5mm in diameter), the gingival tissue are not approximated, the wound is dehisced, or the patient does not follow the postoperative instructions. If root is displaced into sinus, attempt to visualize and retrieve root through the extraction socket. If
Oral-Antral Communication Read Post »
Maxillary labial frenectomy should be done following the eruption of the lateral incisors and during active eruption of the maxillary canines. Correct timining should lead to an anterior eruption force of the maxillary canines that should lead to diastema closure.
Frenum and Frenectomy Read Post »
