- GERD
- Pregnancy
- Trauma
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Recent oral intake
- Bowel obstruction
- Intra-abdominal pathology
- Obesity
- Aspiration prophylaxis: agents which decrease the volume and/or acidity of gastric secretions (ranitidine, sodium citrate)
- Metoclopramide: increase gastric emptying and increase esophageal sphincter tone
Parkinson’s’ disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. Clinical signs and symptoms include a resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability and bradykinesia. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. Clinical symptoms include fatigue, weakness of the striated muscles, diplopia, inspiratory muscle weakness, and bulbar weakness with impaired ability to handle secretions and swallow. The diabetic patient may have autonomic dysfunction resulting in gastroparesis. Frequently gastroparesis is undiagnosed and asymptomatic. This increases the risk of gastric aspiration. The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus may present anesthetic airway and pulmonary concerns such as reduced TMJ range of motion, decreased arytenoid movement, diaphragmatic dysfunction, pulmonary infiltrates and reduced PFTs.
